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Forces & Motion: What Makes Things Move — and Stop?

Students push a ball across different surfaces to discover how force, friction, and gravity decide whether something speeds up, slows down, or stays put.

Grades 3–5Upper Elementary45 minutes1 class period5E ModelInquiry-based4 StandardsNGSS + CCSS
Start the Lesson
Lesson at a Glance

Everything you need before the bell rings

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to…

  • ✓Describe a force as a push or a pull that can change an object’s motion.
  • ✓Explain how a bigger force makes a larger change in motion.
  • ✓Explain how friction slows moving objects down.
  • ✓Predict an object’s motion based on the forces acting on it.
Essential Question

A ball rolls forever on smooth ice but stops fast on carpet. What force is secretly pushing back — and what makes anything move at all?

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5E Phases
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Vocabulary Terms
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Standards Aligned
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Interactive Task
Explore · Interactive Model

Push & Roll

Project this and let students change the push strength and the surface. Have them record how far the ball travels and figure out what is slowing it down.

⚽ Change the push and the surface — watch it rollTry it
⚽
Push strength: 50%—

The Lesson · 5E Model

45 minutes, five moves

Tap any phase to open the teacher moves and student actions.

1

Engage — The Sliding Book

5 min

Slide a book across a desk, then across the carpet. Why the difference?

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Slide a book on a smooth desk, then on carpet.
  • Ask: “Same push — why did one go farther?”
  • Collect first ideas about what slowed it.

🎒 Student Actions

  • Predict which surface lets the book slide farther.
  • Suggest what force is pushing back.
  • Record a first idea in their notebook.
2

Explore — Push & Roll

12 min

Students test push strength and surfaces in the model.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Send groups to the Push & Roll model above.
  • Ask them to test both surfaces at several push strengths.
  • Prompt: “What two things change how far it goes?”

🎒 Student Actions

  • Change push strength and record the distance.
  • Switch surfaces and compare.
  • Notice: more push = farther; rough = shorter.
3

Explain — Force, Friction, Gravity

12 min

Name the forces at work.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Define force = a push or pull.
  • Explain friction slows motion; rougher = more friction.
  • Mention gravity pulls everything down.

🎒 Student Actions

  • Label their results with the correct forces.
  • Explain why the ball eventually stops.
  • Give one everyday example of friction.
4

Elaborate — Forces All Around

11 min

Where do we use — and fight — friction every day?

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Connect to brakes, sledding, sports, shoe grips.
  • Ask when we WANT more or less friction.
  • Introduce balanced vs. unbalanced forces simply.

🎒 Student Actions

  • List places friction helps and places it hurts.
  • Explain why sleds are smooth and shoes are grippy.
  • Predict motion when forces are balanced.
5

Evaluate — Exit Ticket

5 min

Three quick checks on forces and friction.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Hand out the exit ticket below.
  • Look for force = push/pull + friction idea.
  • Collect as formative data.

🎒 Student Actions

  • Define a force.
  • Explain what friction does.
  • Predict motion from a described push.
Standards Alignment

Built to the standards you report on

Aligned to Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core literacy. State-standard crosswalks available on request.

NGSS
3-PS2-1

Provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

NGSS
3-PS2-2

Make observations and measurements of an object’s motion to provide evidence that a pattern can predict future motion.

NGSS
5-PS2-1

Support an argument that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed down.

CCSS
W.3.2

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information.

Differentiation

One lesson, every learner

Multilingual Learners

ELL / EMERGING READERS
  • Act out push/pull with real objects and gestures.
  • Sentence frame: “A bigger push makes the ball go ___.”
  • Picture cards for force, friction, gravity.

Support & Access

IEP / 504
  • Provide a data table to fill in, not create.
  • Compare just two settings (soft vs. hard push).
  • Allow arrows to show force direction instead of writing.

Stretch & Extend

GIFTED / EARLY FINISHERS
  • Design a fair test: which surface has the most friction?
  • Investigate how ramp height changes speed.
  • Research how friction is reduced in machines (oil, wheels).
Materials

What to gather

  • 📽️Projector / board
  • 📓Science notebooks
  • 💻The Push & Roll model
  • ⚽A ball + ramp (optional)
  • ✏️Colored pencils
  • 🎫Exit-ticket slips
Vocabulary

Key terms — hover for a quick definition

forcea push or a pullpusha force away from youpulla force toward youmotiona change in positionfrictiona force that slows motiongravitya pull toward Earthspeedhow fast something movesbalanced forcesforces that cancel out
Evaluate

Exit Ticket

Preview the three formative checks. Tap “Sample answer” to see what mastery looks like — hide them before you print for students.

QUESTION 1
What is a force? Give one example.
A force is a push or a pull. Example: kicking a ball (a push) or pulling a wagon.
QUESTION 2
Why does a rolling ball eventually stop?
Friction — a force between the ball and the ground — pushes back on the ball and slows it down until it stops.
QUESTION 3
You push a toy car harder than before. What happens to its motion, and why?
It speeds up and travels farther, because a bigger force causes a bigger change in the object’s motion.

Going deeper? Run a friction race.

Give groups a ramp and test how far a toy car rolls across different surfaces (tile, carpet, sandpaper, foil). A printable fair-test recording sheet is in the Science library.

Study · Flashcards

Study the key terms

Tap a card to flip it, then rate whether you knew it. Built from this lesson’s vocabulary.

🃏 Forces & MotionFlip
Card 1
Term
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Meaning
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Practice · Quiz

Check your understanding

A quick self-check with instant feedback, drawn from this lesson’s key terms.

📝 Forces & MotionQuiz
Score: 0
1 / 6
Question 1
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Practice · Worksheet

Printable worksheet

A print-and-go review sheet with a built-in answer key. Tap “Show answer key” to reveal answers, or print the clean version for students.

🖨️ Forces & MotionPrint
Name: ________________________
Date: ____________

Part A · Write the word that matches each meaning

Word bank: balanced forces, force, friction, gravity, motion, pull, push, speed
  1. a force that slows motion
  2. a force away from you
  3. a pull toward Earth
  4. how fast something moves
  5. a force toward you
  6. forces that cancel out
  7. a push or a pull
  8. a change in position

Part B · Show what you learned

  1. What is a force? Give one example.
  2. Why does a rolling ball eventually stop?
  3. You push a toy car harder than before. What happens to its motion, and why?
Answer key — Part A: 1) friction · 2) push · 3) gravity · 4) speed · 5) pull · 6) balanced forces · 7) force · 8) motion
Part B: 1) A force is a push or a pull. Example: kicking a ball (a push) or pulling a wagon. 2) Friction — a force between the ball and the ground — pushes back on the ball and slows it down until it stops. 3) It speeds up and travels farther, because a bigger force causes a bigger change in the object’s motion.