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Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks

Sixth graders learn what makes something a mineral — it must be naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and have a crystal structure and definite composition — and how properties like hardness and streak help identify them.

Grade 6Earth Materials50 minutes1 class period5E ModelExplicit teaching4 StandardsNGSS
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Lesson at a Glance

Everything you need before the bell rings

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to…

  • ✓State the 5 rules for a mineral.
  • ✓Distinguish minerals from non-minerals.
  • ✓Name identifying properties.
  • ✓Connect minerals to rocks.
Essential Question

Gold and quartz are minerals; wood and steel are not. What five rules must a substance meet to count as a mineral — and how do geologists tell one mineral from another?

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Lesson Phases
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Vocabulary Terms
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Standards Aligned
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Interactive Task
Sort It · Interactive

Mineral or Not?

Project this and sort each substance by whether it meets the five rules to be a mineral, or fails one of them.

💎 Sort each — is it a mineral?Try it
💎 Is a Mineral
❌ NOT a Mineral
Tap a substance, then tap a bucket.
The Lesson · 5E Instructional Model (Engage · Explore · Explain · Elaborate · Evaluate)

50 minutes, five moves

Tap any phase to open the teacher moves and student actions.

1

Engage — Gold Yes, Wood No

5 min

Gold and quartz are minerals; wood and steel are not — what’s the rule?

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Show minerals and non-minerals.
  • Ask what separates them.
  • Pose the question.

🎒 Student Actions

  • See both.
  • Wonder the rules.
  • Predict them.
2

Explore — Explore Minerals

12 min

Students investigate.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Send students to Mineral or Not?
  • Sort each substance.
  • Note the five rules.

🎒 Student Actions

  • Sort them.
  • Note the rules.
  • Explain them.
3

Explain — The Five Rules

13 min

Students explain.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • State the five rules.
  • Apply them to examples.
  • Explain crystal structure.

🎒 Student Actions

  • State the rules.
  • Apply them.
  • Explain crystals.
4

Elaborate — Identifying Minerals

13 min

Students elaborate.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • Explain hardness and streak.
  • Test mineral properties.
  • Connect minerals to rocks.

🎒 Student Actions

  • Explain properties.
  • Test them.
  • Connect it.
5

Evaluate — Evaluate

5 min

Students conclude.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Moves

  • State a mineral rule.
  • Classify a substance.
  • Hand out the exit ticket.

🎒 Student Actions

  • State a rule.
  • Classify it.
  • Complete the exit ticket.
Standards Alignment

Built to the standards you report on

Aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards (Middle School Earth & Space Science).

NGSS
MS-ESS2-1

Develop a model of the cycling of Earth’s materials (rocks and minerals).

NGSS
MS-ESS3-1

Analyze the distribution of Earth’s mineral and natural resources.

NGSS
MS-PS1-1

Describe the atomic composition of substances.

NGSS
SEP-4

Analyzing and interpreting data.

Differentiation

One lesson, every learner

Multilingual Learners

ELL / EMERGING READERS
  • Mineral-rule checklist.
  • Sentence frame: “___ is/isn’t a mineral because ___.”
  • Test real samples.

Support & Access

IEP / 504
  • Start with clear minerals.
  • Use a rule checklist.
  • Test one property.

Stretch & Extend

GIFTED / EARLY FINISHERS
  • Test hardness with a Mohs kit.
  • Do a streak test.
  • Identify unknown minerals.
Materials

What to gather

  • 📽️Projector / board
  • 💎Mineral samples
  • 💻Mineral or Not?
  • 🪨A streak plate
  • ✏️Pencils
  • 🎫Exit-ticket slips
Vocabulary

Key terms — hover for a quick definition

minerala natural, inorganic, solid crystalinorganicnot made by living thingscrystala solid with an orderly atomic structurehardnesshow easily a mineral is scratchedstreakthe color of a mineral’s powderlusterhow a mineral reflects lightrocka solid made of one or more mineralscompositionwhat a substance is made of
Evaluate

Exit Ticket

Preview the three formative checks. Tap “Sample answer” to see what mastery looks like — hide them before you print for students.

QUESTION 1
Name two of the five rules that make something a mineral.
It must be naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
QUESTION 2
Why is wood NOT a mineral?
It comes from a living thing (it’s organic).
QUESTION 3
Name one property used to identify minerals.
Hardness, streak, luster, color, or cleavage.

Elaborate: the streak test.

Have students test minerals by rubbing them on a streak plate to reveal the color of their powder — a reliable identification clue. A printable minerals sheet is in the Science library.

Study · Flashcards

Study the key terms

Tap a card to flip it, then rate whether you knew it. Built from this lesson’s vocabulary.

🃏 MineralsFlip
Card 1
Term
Tap to flip →
Meaning
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Nice work!

Practice · Quiz

Check your understanding

A quick self-check with instant feedback, drawn from this lesson’s key terms.

📝 MineralsQuiz
Score: 0
1 / 6
Question 1
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Nice work!

Practice · Worksheet

Printable worksheet

A print-and-go review sheet with a built-in answer key. Tap “Show answer key” to reveal answers, or print the clean version for students.

🖨️ MineralsPrint
Name: ________________________
Date: ____________

Part A · Write the word that matches each meaning

Word bank: composition, crystal, hardness, inorganic, luster, mineral, rock, streak
  1. how easily a mineral is scratched
  2. the color of a mineral’s powder
  3. how a mineral reflects light
  4. a solid with an orderly atomic structure
  5. a solid made of one or more minerals
  6. what a substance is made of
  7. not made by living things
  8. a natural, inorganic, solid crystal

Part B · Show what you learned

  1. Name two of the five rules that make something a mineral.
  2. Why is wood NOT a mineral?
  3. Name one property used to identify minerals.
Answer key — Part A: 1) hardness · 2) streak · 3) luster · 4) crystal · 5) rock · 6) composition · 7) inorganic · 8) mineral
Part B: 1) It must be naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. 2) It comes from a living thing (it’s organic). 3) Hardness, streak, luster, color, or cleavage.